Kidney failure

Venous insufficiency

Heart failure

Liver disease

Arthritis

Food intolerances and allergies

High blood pressure

5. Other Contributing Factors
Smoking

Dehydration

Alcoholic and sugary beverages

Pregnancy

Tight clothing and high heels

Oral contraceptives

Certain medications (e.g. corticosteroids, blood pressure drugs)

🧠 How to Know If You Have Water Retention
The most noticeable symptom is swelling, especially in the legs, often accompanied by:

Skin discoloration

A lingering indentation when pressed

Joint stiffness

Pain or heaviness

Headaches

Bloating

Fluctuations in weight